How bioluminescences work?
Animals that use
their sense of sight to navigate generally have a hard time getting around without
light. Some, like owls, have very large eyes that they use to collect lots of light. They also
use their other senses to gather information about their surroundings. Humans,
on the other hand, have put a lot of effort into creating portable, often
artificial light sources, from torches to light bulbs and LEDs.
Some bioluminescent life forms have an entirely different approach
-- they make their own light and carry it around in their bodies.
没有光，动物很难用它们的视觉导航感应去寻路。不过，像猫头鹰，有非常大的眼睛，用来收集大量的光。他们也使用他们的其他感官收集有关其周围环境的信息。人，另一方面，已投入了大量的努力创建便携式、 经常人工光源，从到灯泡和 Led 手电筒。一些生物发光的生命形式有完全不同的方法 — — 他们使他们自己的光和拿着它到处在他们的尸体。
How bioluminescences work?
Animals that use
their sense of sight to navigate generally have a hard time getting around without
light. Some, like owls, have very large eyes that they use to collect lots of light. They also
use their other senses to gather information about their surroundings. Humans,
on the other hand, have put a lot of effort into creating portable, often
artificial light sources, from torches to light bulbs and LEDs.
Some bioluminescent life forms have an entirely different approach
-- they make their own light and carry it around in their bodies.
Many animals use the
light they produce the same way people use flashlights or searchlights. But animals
produce light very differently from the way light bulbs do. Traditional light
bulbs create light through incandescence. A filament inside the
bulb gets very hot and emits light. This process isn't particularly efficient,
since generating enough heat to create light wastes an enormous amount of
energy.
Glowing animals, on
the other hand, typically create light through luminescence. In
luminescent animals, chemical compounds mix together to produce a glow. It's a
lot like the way the substances inside a light stick combine to make light. Luminescence is far
more efficient than incandescence. It neither requires nor generates much heat,
so it's sometimes known as cold light.
Scientists had a
basic idea of the difference between incandescence and luminescence as far back
as 2,500 years ago. In the 1600s, researchers began to discover exactly how
animals make their own light. But since different animals use different
substances, scientists still don't know precisely how every bioluminescent
species makes light. In some cases, researchers haven't figured out why an
animal makes light or how it controls its on-off switch. Bioluminescence can
also be difficult to study, since many animals exhaust their luminescent
abilities when captured. In other cases, the process of capture destroys the
light-producing organs.
没有光，动物很难用它们的视觉导航感应去寻路。不过，像猫头鹰，有非常大的眼睛，用来收集大量的光。他们也使用他们的其他感官收集有关其周围环境的信息。人，另一方面，已投入了大量的努力创建便携式、 经常人工光源，从到灯泡和 Led 手电筒。一些生物发光的生命形式有完全不同的方法 — — 他们使他们自己的光和拿着它到处在他们的尸体。
许多动物使用他们生产的人使用手电筒或探照灯的同一方式的光。但动物产生光非常不同的灯泡做的方式。传统的灯泡创建通过白热光。灯丝灯泡里的变得非常热，发出光。这一过程不是能源的特别有效，因为生成足够的热量来创建光浪费了大量。
另一方面，发光的动物，通常需要创建光线通过发光。发光的动物，在化学化合物组合在一起以产生发光。它很像荧光棒内的物质结合，使光的方式。发光是比白热的有效得多。它既不需要也不会生成很大的热量，所以它有时被称为冷光源。
科学家们已经白热和发光早在 2500 年前的区别的基本思路。在 17 世纪初，研究人员开始发现确切的动物如何发出自己的光。但是由于不同的动物使用不同的物质，科学家仍然不知道正是每个发光的物种如何使得光线。在某些情况下，研究人员还没有想出一个动物为什么使得光线或它是如何控制其开关。生物发光的科学研究也很难去做，因为很多的捕捉情况下生物的发光能力会疲惫甚至失灵，又或者在捉捕的过程中或之后它们的发光器官被伤害到无法使用了。.
Bioluminescent Life Forms
You can find bioluminescent life forms all over planet Earth. On land, glowing species of
fungus feed on rotting wood, creating the eerie nighttime phenomenon known as foxfire. In some types of fungus, the whole structure
glows. In others, like the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, only part of the fungus --
in this case, the gills -- emits light.
You can find bioluminescent life forms all over planet Earth. On land, glowing species of
fungus feed on rotting wood, creating the eerie nighttime phenomenon known as foxfire. In some types of fungus, the whole structure
glows. In others, like the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, only part of the fungus --
in this case, the gills -- emits light.
There are also other bioluminescent land animals,
including insects, centipedes, millipedes and worms. One of the most
widely-known luminescent insects is the firefly.
People who live near fireflies often think of them as brightly flashing adult
insects, but firefly larva glow as well. Glow worms are
also insects -- they're the larvae of various species of flies and beetles.
Some people refer to fireflies as glow worms because some female fireflies are
wingless and look more like worms than insects.
Most of the world's bioluminescence exists in the ocean,
not on land. Bioluminescent life forms live throughout the ocean's depths, but
most exist in one particular zone -- the twilight zone.
This zone is also known as the despotic, or
poorly lit, zone. It's deeper than the sunlit, or euphotic,
zone, but shallower than the midnight, or aphotic zone.
Its exact depth depends on a number of factors, including the composition of
the water and the features of the ocean floor. But in general, the twilight
zone extends from about 660 feet (201 meters) to about 3,300 feet (1006 meters)
deep.
Only a small amount of light from the sun reaches
this depth of the ocean. Seawater absorbs red, orange and yellow sunlight and
scatters violet light, so the light that reaches the twilight zone is
bluish-green in color. This is partly because blue-green light has a short
wavelength, so it has more energy with which to penetrate the water. Check out How Light Works to learn more about the behavior of
different wavelengths of light.
Lots of bioluminescent animals live at this depth,
including jellyfish, squid, shrimp, krill, marine worms and
fish. Most make light that has a wavelength of roughly 440 to 479 nanometers.
This matches the blue-green sunlight that exists in this part of the ocean. The
animals' glow can travel a long way, and it can blend in with the light from
above. In some parts of the ocean, these animals, not the sun, are the primary
source of light.
生物发光的生命形式
你可以找到生物发光的生命形成遍布地球的行星。在陆地上，泛着种木耳饲料腐烂的木头，营造阴森恐怖的夜间现象被称为火狐。在某些类型的真菌，整个结构呈。在其他国家，像鬼火蘑菇，只有部分的真菌-在这种情况下，鳃-发出的光。
你可以找到生物发光的生命形成遍布地球的行星。在陆地上，泛着种木耳饲料腐烂的木头，营造阴森恐怖的夜间现象被称为火狐。在某些类型的真菌，整个结构呈。在其他国家，像鬼火蘑菇，只有部分的真菌-在这种情况下，鳃-发出的光。
还有其他的生物发光的陆生动物，包括昆虫，蜈蚣，千足虫和蠕虫。其中的最广泛的公知的发光昆虫的萤火虫。人们谁住在附近的萤火虫往往认为他们是明亮闪烁成虫，但萤火虫幼虫发光。萤火虫昆虫-它们是不同种类的蝇类和甲虫幼虫。有些人把一些雌性萤火虫，因为无翅，看起来更像是昆虫蠕虫比。
世界上大部分的生物发光在海洋中的存在，而不是在陆地上。住整个海洋深处生物发光的生命形式，但大多数存在于一个特定的区域- 暮色区。这个区域也被称为disphotic，或光线不足，区域。它比阳光明媚，或透光，区域更深，但比午夜或无光区较浅。其确切的深度取决于若干因素，包括组合物，水和功能的海底。但在一般情况下，暮色区域从约3300英尺（1006米），深约660英尺（201米）。
只有一小部分来自太阳的光量达到这个深度的海洋。海水吸收红色，橙色和黄色的阳光和散射紫外光，使光线到达暮色区域是蓝绿色的颜色。这部分是因为蓝绿色的光的短波长，因此它具有更多的能量与渗透水。检查光的原理更多地了解不同波长的光的行为。
许多生物发光动物生活在这个深度，包括海蜇，鱿鱼，虾，磷虾，海洋蠕虫和鱼类。大多数有大约440至479纳米波长的光。这相匹配的蓝绿色的阳光中存在的这部分海洋。动物焕发可行驶很长的路要走，它可以融合在一起，光线从上面。在一些地方的海洋，这些动物，而不是太阳，是光的主要来源。
Why Animals Make Light
Scientists don't know why all bioluminescent forms of life
glow. For example, several earthworm species create a luminescent secretion
that doesn't have an obvious purpose. The reason for some mushrooms' glow is
also unclear, although some scientists theorize that it attracts insects that
spread the mushrooms' spores. A few animals light up when nearby animals start
to glow, and there's not always a clear reason for this behavior.
Here's a rundown of some of the primary uses for
bioluminescence on land and at sea:
Scientists don't know why all bioluminescent forms of life
glow. For example, several earthworm species create a luminescent secretion
that doesn't have an obvious purpose. The reason for some mushrooms' glow is
also unclear, although some scientists theorize that it attracts insects that
spread the mushrooms' spores. A few animals light up when nearby animals start
to glow, and there's not always a clear reason for this behavior.
This uncertainty exists in the ocean as well as on land.
Some species of single-celled plankton called din flagellates glow
when disturbed. Tides, storms, swimming marine life and
passing ships can cause large numbers of this plankton to produce light simultaneously. Din flagellates
are responsible for the phenomenon known as the milky sea,
which causes the ocean to glow. In some cases, this glow is so bright that it
interferes with marine navigation.
The burglar-alarm theory is
a possible explanation for how this response to disturbance helps the plankton
survive. If a small fish begins to feed on the plankton, the disturbed plankton
emits a flash of light. The light attracts larger fish, which are likely to be
the smaller fish's predators. In other words, the flash of light is an alarm that warns nearby big animals of the
presence of little animals. However, this system doesn't seem to be as
foolproof as some of the better-understood uses for bioluminescence.
Here's a rundown of some of the primary uses for
bioluminescence on land and at sea:
·
Communication: Fireflies flash at one another in a
species-specific pattern, often in order to find a mate.
·
Locating food: In the
twilight depths of the ocean, some fish species use their light like a
spotlight to find prey.
·
Attracting prey: Some
species, like the angler fish, use a luminescent lure to attract other fish.
·
Camouflage: In the darker
parts of the ocean, it's hard to see anything below you, but it's easy to see
the silhouette of what's above you. For this reason, some species produce spots
of light on their undersides, which blur their outlines and allow them to blend
in with the light from above. This is also known as counter-illumination.
·
Mimicry: The
cookie-cutter shark has one unlit patch on its underside,
which resembles a smaller fish when viewed from below. When a large predator approaches,
the shark can take a large bite and then flee. This allows the cookie-cutter
shark to prey on animals that are much larger and more powerful than it is.
·
Self-defense: When threatened, some animals release
a cloud of bioluminescent fluid, similar to the way squid defend themselves with a cloud of ink.
Others use a bright flash to blind predators.
为什么动物要发光？
科学家不知道为什么所有的生物发光形式的生命的光芒。例如，一些蚯蚓建立一个发光分泌的，不具有明显的目的。一些蘑菇发光的原因目前还不清楚，但也有一些科学家推断它吸引昆虫传播的蘑菇的孢子。几个动物亮起时，附近的动物开始发光，并有明确的原因，这种行为并不总是。
·
·
定位的食物：在黄昏的海洋深处，某些鱼类使用他们的光像聚光灯一样寻找猎物。
科学家不知道为什么所有的生物发光形式的生命的光芒。例如，一些蚯蚓建立一个发光分泌的，不具有明显的目的。一些蘑菇发光的原因目前还不清楚，但也有一些科学家推断它吸引昆虫传播的蘑菇的孢子。几个动物亮起时，附近的动物开始发光，并有明确的原因，这种行为并不总是。
这种不确定性存在于海洋以及陆地上。有些种类的单细胞浮游生物称为腰鞭毛虫发光时的忐忑。潮汐，风暴，游泳，海洋生物和过往船只可能会导致这些浮游生物的大量产生光的同时。腰鞭毛虫是负责的现象被称为乳白色的海，这会导致海洋发光。在某些情况下，这种发光是如此明亮，它会干扰与海洋航行。
防盗报警理论对干扰的响应如何帮助浮游生物的生存是一个可能的解释。如果一个小的鱼开始不安的浮游生物为食的浮游生物，发出一道闪光。光吸引更大的鱼，这是可能是较小的鱼的天敌。换句话说，闪光灯的强光报警，警告附近的大型动物的存在，各种小动物。然而，这个系统似乎并没有一些更好的理解使用生物发光万无一失。
这里有一个破败的一些陆地上和海上生物发光的主要用途：
·
·
定位的食物：在黄昏的海洋深处，某些鱼类使用他们的光像聚光灯一样寻找猎物。
·
·
吸引猎物：有些品种，像琵琶鱼，使用发光诱惑吸引其他鱼类。
·
·
伪装：在暗部的海洋，这是很难下面你什么都看不到，但可以很容易地看到什么是你上面的轮廓。出于这个原因，一些物种在其底面产生的光点，模糊的轮廓，并让他们融合在一起，光线从上面。这也被称为反照明。
·
·
How Animals Make Light
In general, bioluminescence involves the combination of
two types of substances in a light-producing
reaction. One is aluciferin, or a
light-producing substance. The other is aluciferase,
or an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. In some
cases, the luciferin is a protein known as a photoprotein, and
the light-making process requires a charged ion to
activate the reaction. Neurological, mechanical, chemical or
as-yet-undiscovered triggers can start the reactions that create light.
In general, bioluminescence involves the combination of
two types of substances in a light-producing
reaction. One is aluciferin, or a
light-producing substance. The other is aluciferase,
or an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. In some
cases, the luciferin is a protein known as a photoprotein, and
the light-making process requires a charged ion to
activate the reaction. Neurological, mechanical, chemical or
as-yet-undiscovered triggers can start the reactions that create light.
Often, the process requires the presence of other
substances, like oxygen or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a molecule that stores and
transports energy in most living organisms, including the human body. The
luciferin-luciferase reaction can also create byproducts like oxyluciferin and
water.
The terms luciferin and luciferase both come from a Latin
term lucifer,
which means "light-bringer." They are generic terms rather than the
names of particular chemicals. Lots of different substances can act like
luciferins and luciferases, depending on the species of the bioluminescent life
form. For example, the luciferin coelenterazine is
common in marine bioluminescence. Dinoflagellates that obtain food throughphotosynthesis use
a luciferin that resembles chlorophyll. Their luminescence is brighter after
very sunnydays. Some shrimp and
fish appear to manufacture their luciferin from the food they eat.
动物如何使光
在一般情况下，生物光发光涉及两种类型的物质的组合中的产生反应。一个是虫荧光素，或产生光物质。另一种是荧光素酶或催化该反应的酶。在某些情况下，荧光素是已知的蛋白质作为发光蛋白，和光的决策过程需要一个带电离子激活反应。神经学，机械，化学或尚未发现的触发器就可以开始创建光反应。
靠光合作用的甲藻物种 有类似叶绿素荧光素。
在一般情况下，生物光发光涉及两种类型的物质的组合中的产生反应。一个是虫荧光素，或产生光物质。另一种是荧光素酶或催化该反应的酶。在某些情况下，荧光素是已知的蛋白质作为发光蛋白，和光的决策过程需要一个带电离子激活反应。神经学，机械，化学或尚未发现的触发器就可以开始创建光反应。
通常情况下，该过程需要存在的其他物质，如氧或三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的， ATP是一种分子，存储和传输能量的生物体，包括人体。荧光素酶反应还可以创建氧合虫荧光素和水等副产品。
条款荧光素和荧光素酶都来自一个拉丁词，这意味着“光使者路西法。“它们是通用的术语，而不是特定的化学物质的名称。有很多不同的物质可以像荧光素和荧光素酶，根据物种的生物发光的生命形式。例如，荧光素腔肠素是常见的磷火。双鞭甲藻通过光合作用获取食物使用类似于叶绿素荧光素。其发光亮度后，非常阳光灿烂的日子。一些虾和鱼，他们吃的食物制造荧光素。
靠光合作用的甲藻物种 有类似叶绿素荧光素。
并不是所有的动物产生自己的光芒。依靠其发光和其他生命形式如何生活轻，可以帮助人类了解动物。
没有评论:
发表评论